Fire-rated doors are constructed of materials that work together to slow or stop the spread of flames, smoke and, in certain applications, radiant and conductive heat transfer. Common materials include wood, steel, fiberglass and fire-rated glass—or a combination of these materials.
Fire-rated doors are referred to as assemblies and include the door, frame, hardware, glazing and component parts. Individual component parts are not required to be supplied by the same manufacturer; however, they must be classified and labeled for use in a fire door assembly. Improving ease of specification, some manufacturers now offer fire-rated door assemblies where the component parts have been designed and tested to work together as a cohesive unit. This helps ensure the opening protective performs as intended.
In application, fire-rated doors work in conjunction with surrounding passive fire protection systems to provide around-the-clock defense against fire and enable safe and unobstructed passage out of a building. When installed properly, they will not combust or fail for the duration of their fire rating (in the average fire). Standard fire ratings vary, typically ranging from 20 to 180 minutes depending on code criteria. Fire-rated doors are required to be self-closing and positive latching. They must remain closed during a fire to protect the means of egress.
Fire-rated doors are more common in commercial buildings than residential structures. They are typically utilized in areas of egress, such as lobbies,
stairwells, storefronts and exits, to meet code requirements and enhance occupant safety. Fire-rated doors can also protect against accidental human impact and safeguard against ballistics, forced entry and blast.
To achieve fire ratings and supplemental life safety and security ratings, fire-rated doors undergo rigorous tests conducted by independent laboratories.
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